Unit sizes reached the standard of 300 MW already in the 1930’s. Steam reheating was first adopted in 1920’s and once-through supercritical boilers in the 1950’s. According to the same reference, the first steam cycle had an efficiency of only 1.6% while those built about 10 years later reached an efficiency of about 15% thanks also to the adoption of regenerative feedwater preheaters. These first coal-fired power units featured outputs in the range 1–10 MW and the steam generator already included an economizer, an evaporator, and a superheater ( Harvey et al., 2020). Steam cycles have been used for electric power generation from coal since the early 1900’s. This paper provides an introduction to the main types of simulation and optimization problems (design, off-design operation and dynamic), an overview of the mathematical background (possible solution approaches, numerical methods and available software), and a review of the main scientific contributions. A key rule is played by the simulation and optimization codes developed in the last 30 years. On the other hand, to cope with the efficiency and flexibility requirements set by today’s energy markets, the design and the operation of steam cycles must be carefully optimized. Indeed, owing to its favorable thermodynamic properties, steam cycles are not only used in coal-fired power plants but in a large variety of applications such as combined cycles, concentrated solar power plants and polygeneration plants. 2Institute for Energy Systems and Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, GermanyĪfter more than one century from its first use for electric power production, steam cycles are still the object of continuous research and development efforts worldwide.1Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy.Emanuele Martelli 1* Falah Alobaid 2 Cristina Elsido 1
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